Spinal Research

BASIS (Bracing Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis) Study

At the moment, children and young people diagnosed with scoliosis often need to wear a brace most of the day to treat the curve to the spine. The BASIS study is looking at a different type of back brace to that used in the UK, a brace worn only at night-time. This is currently used in other countries in the world, though before we use it routinely in the UK, we need to ensure that it is as good as the standard brace that is worn for most of the day.

Details of Funder: NIHR Health Technology Assessment (HTA)

AVERT (Acute VertEbRal AugmentaTion) Study

Spinal Medial Branch Nerve Root Block (MBNB) Intervention is being compared to Standard Care-Vertebroplasty (VP) for the Treatment of Painful Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures in Hospitalised Older Patients: A Feasibility Study.

Details of Funder: NIHR Research for Patient Benefit funding programme

Blast Off Study - Bisphosphonate aLternAtive regimenS for the prevenTion of Osteoporotic Fragility Fractures

The purpose of this study is to improve the treatment of osteoporosis and therefore prevention of fragility fractures. Osteoporosis is a condition that makes bones more fragile and therefore more likely to fracture, even after minimal trauma. Current NHS guidelines recommend that people who have osteoporosis should be offered a bisphosphonate treatment first-line (for example Alendronate (Fosamax; Risedronate ( Actonel); Pamidronate; Zolendronic Acid (Zolendronate). Bisphosphonate treatment has been shown to increase bone density and to reduce the risk of fragility fracture by 20-70%, dependent on the site of fracture. However, long term persistence with the most common bisphosphonate treatment Alendronate (or Alendronic Acid) is known to be poor and many patients stop taking the treatment over time. Studies suggest compliance and persistence over two years ranges from 16 to 42%. Poor adherence to osteoporosis medication is associated with long-term consequences such as increase in osteoporotic fractures and healthcare costs. In recent years, alternative forms of bisphosphonate treatment regimens have been developed, but there has not yet been sufficient evidence of the effects of these treatments and in particular their acceptability to patients.

The study as a whole involves a series of related research activities in order to look at how effective different bisphosphonate regimens are at preventing fractures, whether the reduction in fracture risk can be achieved at a reasonable financial cost and to establish the acceptability of different approaches to patients. Your participation in this aspect of the study would involve a semi-structured interview as part of the qualitative study. The information gathered from these interviews will be used to inform the study objectives; in particular which bisphosphonate treatment regimens are most acceptable to patients.

Details of Funder: NIHR Health Technology Assessment (HTA)

Assert Study - (Acute Sacral inSufficiEncy fractuRe augmenTation) Randomised Controlled, Feasibility in Older People Trial

The bones of the pelvis form a complex ring-like structure. It can break (fracture) after a simple fall from a standing height or less. This is more common in older people, as the bones are more brittle. In a high proportion of people the pelvis can fracture in more than one place. This usually involves the bones in the front of the pelvis and the bone at the back of the pelvis, called the tail-bone or properly known as the sacrum. The sacrum is the large triangular bone at the base of the spine.  A diagram of the pelvis and the types of fractures in the pelvis is shown:

A fractured pelvis can lead to significant pain and disability and often results in a long hospital stay. A fractured sacrum in particular, is associated with difficulty in sitting and moving. On average, at least two weeks are spent in hospital and almost 30% of people with a fractured pelvis become more dependent on personal care.

Treatment of a fractured pelvis involves controlling the pain, and walking as soon as it is possible. This is commonly done with strong pain medicine and physiotherapy. However, the pain can sometimes be difficult to control and strong pain medication such as morphine is often used, but this may lead to problematic side effects such as constipation, nausea and confusion. In recent years, surgery to fix a fractured pelvis, especially a fractured sacrum has been increasingly used. First described in 2002, this type of surgery is performed through keyhole surgery. Patients are given a general anaesthetic and have a special bone cement injected into the fractured sacrum. The fracture is sometimes held together by screws if it is very bad. This is also performed under keyhole surgery. Recent trials have reported good outcomes with quicker pain relief, reduced need for pain medicine, patients getting back on their feet much quicker and with less disability. Whether this should be offered to all patients with a fractured sacrum in terms of helping them to get better quicker and save money for the NHS is unclear.  Therefore before we undertake a large scale study, we plan to do a smaller study here in Nottingham. This will inform us of how best to conduct a larger study in the future.

A total of 48 participants will take part in the study. Participants will be allocated by chance (randomly) to either keyhole surgery to fix the fractured sacrum or no surgery, which is the current treatment for these type of fractures, involving pain medication and physiotherapy. 

Details of Funder: NIHR Research for Patient Benefit Grant

SDIM - Spinal Deformity Intraoperative Monitoring Sponsored by AOSpine

The objective of the study is to understand and manage intraoperative neuromonitoring changes during spinal deformity surgery: a prospective interventional study.

TROLLEY

Monitoring DePuy Synthes “TROLLEY” growing rods vs regular rods in early onset scoliosis paediatric patients (paediatrics).

WOVEN

The OGmend system developed by Woven Orthopedic Technologies is the first piece of technology in the world specifically designed to address loss of screw fixation by focusing on the screw-to-bone interface. By utilising a unique biopolymer, this devices increases the surface area contact between the bone and screw, distribute load transfer, help bone healing and remodeling, promote bone ingrowth, and enhance fixation in both the short-term and the long-term

If you wish for the Centre for Spinal Studies and Surgery to become involved on a future or ongoing trial, please do not hesitate to contact the centre's Research Team at: spinalresearch@nuh.nhs.uk

All clinical trials conducted in the Centre for Spinal Studies and Surgery are managed and supported by a dedicated research team to ensure successful delivery with utmost professionalism and efficiency.

Our Team:

Mr Nasir Quraishi - Spinal Research Lead

Mr Elie Najjar - Spinal Associate Consultant

Saloni Dalal - Clinical Research Practitioner

Team Email: spinalresearch@nuh.nhs.uk

2023

Complications after early versus late mobilization after an incidental durotomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Najjar E, Hassanin M, Komaitis S, Karouni F, Quraishi N. Eur Spine J. 2023 March;32(3):778-786. doi: 10.1007/s00586-023-07526-6. Epub 2023 Jan 7. PMID: 36609888 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-023-07526-6

Vertebral body tethering in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with more than 2 years of follow-up- systematic review and meta-analysis. Vatkar A, Najjar E, Patel M, Quraishi N. Eur Spine J. 2023 Sep;32(9):3047-3057. doi: 10.1007/s00586-07724-2. Epub 2023 Jun 12. PMID: 37306799 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-023-07724-2 

C2 stentoplasty: an alternative to conventional vertebroplasty in the treatment of axis metastatic lesions: a systematic revire with meta-analysis and case series. Najjar E, Rampersad R, Spyridon K, Mardashti A, Tsegaye M. Eur Spine J. 2023 Oct;32(10):3450-3462. doi: 10.1007/s00586-023-07809-y. Epub 2023 Jun 10. PMID: 37300582 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-023-07809-y

Cluneal nerve release: a systematic riview.  Najjar E, Karouni F, Komatitis S, Boszczyk B, Quraishi N. Eur Spine J. 2023 Jan;32(1):1-7. doi: 10.1007/s00586-022-07394-6. Epub 2022 Sep 26. PMID: 36163394 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-022-07394-6

Does kyphoplasty affect the global sagittal alignment in patients with osteoporotic vertebral fractures? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Najjar E, Mardashti A, Komaitis S, Karouni F, Vatkar A, Quraishi N. Eur Spine J. 2023 Jan;32(1):38-45. doi: 10.1007/s00586-022-07479-2. Epub 2022 Dec 5. PMID: 36469131 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-022-07479-2

2022

Pulmonary function after thoracoplasty for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kumar V, Vatkar AJ, Baburaj V, Najjar E, Bansal P. Eur Spine J. 2022 Nov;31(11):2972-2986. doi:10.1007/s00586-022-07375-9. Epub 2022 Sep 7. PMID: 36069937 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-022-07375-9

The Acute VertEbRal AugmentaTion (AVERT) study: protocol for a randomised controlled, feasibility trial of spinal medial branch nerve block in hospitalised older patients with vertebral fragility fractures. Tan CW, Cameron M, Arlachov Y, Bastounis A, Bishop S, Czernicki M, Drummond A, Fakis A, Pasku D, Sahota O. BMJ Open. 2022 Jun 13;12(6):e059194. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059194. PMID: 35697440 Free PMC article. 

Association between pre-operative complications, comorbidities, and in-hospital mortality in a hip fracture cohort: a register study in a tertiary hospital in Brazil. de Souza AMF, Macola A, Gumieiro DN, Nicolodi GA, Lima RME, Minicucci MF, Azevedo PS, Sahota O, Lima LHNE. Int Orthop. 2022 Aug;46(8):1873-1880. doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05443-9. Epub 2022 May 24. PMID: 35608676

Safety of zoledronate in older patients at high risk of fracture with reduced renal function. Sahota A, Barbary R, Cameron M, Stewart AM, Sahota O. Osteoporos Int. 2022 Aug;33(8):1823-1824. doi: 10.1007/s00198-022-06427-6. Epub 2022 May 23. PMID: 35599255 No abstract available.

Assessing the Effectiveness of Bisphosphonates for the Prevention of Fragility Fractures: An Updated Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analyses. Bastounis A, Langley T, Davis S, Paskins Z, Gittoes N, Leonardi-Bee J, Sahota O. JBMR Plus. 2022 Mar 25;6(5):e10620. doi: 10.1002/jbm4.10620. eCollection 2022 May. PMID: 35509636 Free PMC article.

ASSERT (Acute Sacral inSufficiEncy fractuRe augmenTation): randomised controlled, feasibility trial in older people. Ong T, Suazo Di Paola A, Brookes C, Drummond A, Hendrick P, Leighton P, Jones M, Salem K, Quraishi N, Sahota O. BMJ Open. 2022 May 3;12(5):e050535. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050535. PMID: 35504639 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.

Acceptability of, and preferences for, remote consulting during COVID-19 among older patients with two common long-term musculoskeletal conditions: findings from three qualitative studies and recommendations for practice. Paskins Z, Bullock L, Manning F, Bishop S, Campbell P, Cottrell E, Partner GP, Jinks C, Narayanasamy M, Scott IC, Sahota O, Ryan S. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2022 Apr 2;23(1):312. doi: 10.1186/s12891-022-05273-1. PMID: 35366845 Free PMC article.

PERFECTED enhanced recovery pathway (PERFECT-ER) versus standard acute hospital care for people after hip fracture surgery who have cognitive impairment: a feasibility cluster randomised controlled trial. Cross JL, Hammond SP, Shepstone L, Poland F, Henderson C, Backhouse T, Penhale B, Donell S, Knapp M, Lewins D, MacLullich A, Patel M, Sahota O, Smith TO, Waring J, Howard R, Ballard C, Fox C. BMJ Open. 2022 Feb 28;12(2):e055267. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055267. PMID: 35228288 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.

Comparing medication adherence in patients receiving bisphosphonates for preventing fragility fractures: a comprehensive systematic review and network meta-analysis. Bastounis A, Langley T, Davis S, Paskins Z, Gittoes N, Leonardi-Bee J, Sahota O. Osteoporos Int. 2022 Jun;33(6):1223-1233. doi: 10.1007/s00198-022-06350-w. Epub 2022 Feb 21. PMID: 35188591 Free PMC article. Review.

Poor Attendance for bone densitometry in patients at high risk of subsequent fragility fractures. Sahota A, Desai H, Hershkovica O, Sahota O. J Clin Densitom. 2022 Jul-Sep;25(3):380-383. doi: 10.1016/j.jocd.2021.11.009. Epub 2021 Nov 24. PMID: 34973896

 

 

2021

IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER OF FIRST AUTHOR

 

Long-term outcome after surgical treatment of Scheuermann's Kyphosis (SK).

Debnath UK, Quraishi NA, McCarthy MJH, McConnell JR, Mehdian SMH, Shetaiwi A, Grevitt MP, Webb JK.

Spine Deformity 2021. Sep 17. Published Online Ahead of Print

 

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS): a meta-analysis and systematic review.

Gadiya AD, Koch JEJ, Patel MS, Shafafy M, Grevitt MP, Quraishi NA

Spine Deformity . 2021 Jul;9(4):893-904.

 

Rare, post-periodontitis spondylodiscitis caused by Fusobacterium nucleatum in a patient with multiple sclerosis: challenge of diagnosis and treatment.

Pasku D, Shah S, Aly A, Quraishi NA.

BMJ Case Reports . 2021 Mar 18;14(3):e239664.

 

Malpractice litigation and spinal surgery in the National Health Service: a single tertiary-level centre perspective over 12 years.

Quraishi NA, Shetaiwi A, D'Aquino D, Salem K.

Annals of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of England. 2021 Sep;103(8):548-552. 

 

 

2020

IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER OF FIRST AUTHOR

 

Non-iatrogenic spontaneous acute spinal subdural haematoma after transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion.

Aly A, D'Aquino D, Khedr E, Badmus O, Shafafy M. 

British Journal of Neurosurgery . 2020 Jan 10:1-3.

 

Surgical approaches to L5 corpectomy: a systematic review.

D'Aquino D, Tarawneh AM, Hilis A, Palliyil N, Deogaonkar K, Quraishi NA. 

European Spine Journal . 2020 Dec;29(12):3074-3079.

 

How good are the outcomes of instrumented debulking operations for symptomatic spinal metastases and how long do they stand? A subgroup analysis in the global spine tumor study group database. 

Depreitere B, Ricciardi F, Arts M, Balabaud L, Bunger C, Buchowski JM, Chung CK, Coppes MH, Fehlings MG, Kawahara N, Martin-Benlloch JA, Massicotte EM, Mazel C, Meyer B, Oner FC, Peul W, Quraishi N, Tokuhashi Y, Tomita K, Verlaan JJ, Wang M, Crockard HA, Choi D.

Acta Neurochirurgica . 2020 Apr;162(4):943-950.

 

Hyperosmolar dehydration: A predictor of kidney injury and outcome in hospitalised older adults

El-Sharkawy AM, Devonald MAJ, Humes DJ, Sahota O, Lobo DN. 

Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) . 2020 Aug;39(8):2593-2599.

 

Management of Fracture Risk in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Building a UK Consensus Through Healthcare Professional and Patient Engagement. 

Gupta A, Jayes LR, Holmes S, Sahota O, Canavan M, Elkin SL, Lim K, Murphy AC, Singh S, Towlson EA, Ward H, Scullion J, McKeever TM, Bolton CE. 

International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease . 2020 Jun 15;15:1377-1390. 

 

Schmorl Node-A Cause of Acute Thoracic Pain: A Case Report and Pathophysiological Mechanism. 

Hershkovich O, Koch JEJ, Grevitt MP. 

International Journal of Spine Surgery . 2020 Jun 30;14(3):441-446.

 

Essential lordosis revisited

Hershkovich O, D'Souza A, Rushton PRP, Onosi IS, Yoon WW, Grevitt MP.

The Bone & Joint Journal . 2020 Apr;102-B(4):513-518.

 

Do anticoagulants affect outcomes of hip fracture surgery? A cross-sectional analysis. 

Hoerlyck C, Ong T, Gregersen M, Damsgaard EM, Borris L, Chia JK, Yap YYW, Weerasuriya N, Sahota O. 

Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery . 2020 Feb;140(2):171-176.

 

Management of patients with magnetically controlled growth rods amidst the global COVID-19 pandemic.

Hothi H, Tucker S, Shafafy M, Nnadi C, Cheung KMC, Dal Gal E, Tognini M, Henckel J, Skinner J, Hart A. 

European Spine Journal . 2020 Oct;29(10):2409-2412.

 

Procalcitonin -Vital Tool to Differentiate Septic Progression of Spondylodiscitis from Drug Hypersensitivity: A Case Report and Brief Review of Literature. 

Kapoor S, Gadiya AD, Rasul FT, Bell D.

Journal of orthopaedic case reports . 2020;10(2):73-75. 

 

Lumbosacral osteotomy to correct PI-LL mismatch in the presence of abnormally high pelvic incidence. 

Kato S, Lewis SJ, Keshen S, Quraishi N.

Spine Deformity. 2020 Sep 28

 

A prospective study of the role of bladder scanning and post-void residual volume measurement in improving diagnostic accuracy of cauda equina syndrome

Katzouraki G, Zubairi AJ, Hershkovich O, Grevitt MP

The Bone & Joint Journal . 2020 Jun;102-B(6):677-682.

 

Mid-term results of a modified self-growing rod technique for the treatment of early-onset scoliosis

Mehdian H, Haddad S, Pasku D, Nasto LA. 

The Bone & Joint Journal . 2020 Nov;102-B(11):1560-1566.

 

A Personalized Medicine Approach for the Management of Spinal Metastases with Cord Compression: Development of a Novel Clinical Prediction Model for Postoperative Survival and Quality of Life

Nater A, Chuang J, Liu K, Quraishi NA, Pasku D, Wilson JR, Fehlings MG.

World Neurosurgery . 2020 Aug;140:654-663.e13.

 

The impact of lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic on osteoporotic fragility fractures: an observational study

Ogliari G, Lunt E, Ong T, Marshall L, Sahota O. 

Archives of Osteoporosis . 2020 Oct 7;15(1):156.

 

The presentation of older people with vertebral fragility fractures to a university hospital: a cross-sectional analysis

Ong T, Bin Syed Ali SA, Sahota O.

Current Rheumatology Reviews . 2020 Aug 20.

 

The Nottingham Spinal Health (NoSH) Study: a cohort study of patients hospitalised with vertebral fragility fractures

Ong T, Sahota O, Gladman JRF. 

 Osteoporosis International . 2020 Feb;31(2):363-370.

 

Age-Does it really count? A study of the Perioperative Morbidity and Long-Term Outcome in Patients above 70 Years of Age Undergoing Spine surgery for Lumbar Degenerative Disorders

Palliyil NS, Shah S, Rai RR, Dalvie S, Monteiro 

Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia . 2020 Jun;55(3):298-303. 

 

Surgical management of a case of C2 vertebral chordoma via staged anterior and posterior approach

Palliyil NS, Deogaonkar K, Sankhe M

Indian Spine Journal. 2020 Feb; 3(1);118-122

 

Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression in the Paediatric Population – A Systematic Review and Formulation of National Guidelines

Palliyil NS, D'Aquino D, Quraishi NA

Eurospine 2020

 

Ability of Spine Specialists to Identify Psychosocial Risk Factors as Obstacles to Recovery in Patients with Low Back Pain-Related Disorders

Patel MS, Lee KC, Dhake RP, Longworth S, Sell P. 

Asian Spine Journal . 2020 Jul 24.

 

Prospective analysis of health-related quality of life after surgery for spinal metastases

Quraishi NA, Pasku D, Koch JEJ, Arealis G, Boszczyk BM, Edwards KL. 

European Spine Journal . 2020 Dec;29(12):3163-3169.

 

C5 Palsy after Cervical Spine Decompression: Topographic Correlation with C6 Chassaignac Tubercle?: A Fresh-Cadaveric Study of the Cervical Spine and Rediscussion of Etiological Hypotheses

Rajabian A, Quraishi NA.  

Spine . 2020 Aug 1;45(15):E903-E908.

 

Right- Versus Left-sided Exposures of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve and Considerations of Cervical Spinal Surgical Corridor: A Fresh-Cadaveric Surgical Anatomy of RLN Pertinent to Spine

Rajabian A, Walsh M, Quraishi NA.  

Spine. 2020 Jan 1;45(1):10-17.

 

Does Three-Dimensional Printed Patient-Specific Templates Add Benefit in Revision Surgeries for Complex Pediatric Kyphoscoliosis Deformity with Sublaminar Wires in Situ ? A Clinical Study

Shah K, Gadiya A, Shah M, Vyas D, Patel P, Bhojraj S, Nene A. 

Asian Spine Journal . 2020 Mar 30. 

 

Assessment of Outcomes of Spine Surgery in Indian Athletes Involved in High-End Contact Sports

Shah K, Bharuka A, Gadiya A, Nene A.

Asian Spine Journal . 2020 Jun 12. 

 

Coronavirus Disease 2019 Transmission: Blood Viremia and Aerosol Generation from Spinal Surgery. Is There an Increased Risk to the Surgical Team?

Shah S, Gadiya A, Patel MS, Shafafy M.

Asian Spine Journal . 2020 Oct;14(5):702-709. 

 

Enhanced rehabilitation and care models for adults with dementia following hip fracture surgery

Smith TO, Gilbert AW, Sreekanta A, Sahota O, Griffin XL, Cross JL, Fox C, Lamb SE. 

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 2020 Feb 7;2(2):CD010569.

 

Cervical spine fragility fractures in older people: 5-year experience at a regional spine centre

Tarawneh A, Taqvi S, Salem K, Sahota O.

Age and Ageing . 2020 Oct 23;49(6):1102-1104.

 

Clinical outcomes of sacroplasty for metastatic sacral tumours: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Tarawneh AM, Sabou S, AlKalbani S, Pasku D, Quraishi NA. 

European Spine Journal . 2020 Dec;29(12):3116-3122. 

 

Can MRI findings predict the outcome of cervical spinal cord Injury? a systematic review

Tarawneh AM, D'Aquino D, Hilis A, Eisa A, Quraishi NA.

European Spine Journal . 2020 Oct;29(10):2457-2464.

 

Impact of pedicle subtraction osteotomy on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measures in patients undergoing surgery for adult spinal deformity: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Tarawneh AM, Venkatesan M, Pasku D, Singh J, Quraishi NA.

European Spine Journal . 2020 Dec;29(12):2953-2959. 

 

A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Comparing the Accuracy and Clinical Outcome of Pedicle Screw Placement Using Robot-Assisted Technology and Conventional Freehand Technique

Tarawneh AM, Salem KM. 

Global Spine Journal . 2020 Jun 5:2192568220927713.

 

Surgical Complications and Re-operation Rates in Spinal Metastases Surgery: A Systematic Review

Tarawneh AM, Pasku D, Quraishi NA. 

European Spine Journal . 2020 Nov 12.

 

The truth behind the pubic rami fracture: identification of pelvic fragility fractures at a university teaching hospital

van Berkel D, Herschkovich O, Taylor R, Ong T, Sahota O.

Clinical Medicine Journal . 2020 Mar;20(Suppl 2):s113.

 

Consensus statement for perioperative care in total hip replacement and total knee replacement surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS ®) Society recommendations

Wainwright TW, Gill M, McDonald DA, Middleton RG, Reed M, Sahota O, Yates P, Ljungqvist O. 

Acta Orthopaedica . 2020 Feb;91(1):3-19.

The University of Nottingham's Bioengineering Research Group combines significant expertise in the areas of biomaterials and biomechanics. The Research Group also collaborates with the Composites and Advanced Materials research groups with the Department. In addition the research group has joint projects with Orthopaedics and other divisions within and the Schools of Medical and Clinical sciences, Biomedical Sciences, Pharmacy, Chemistry and Mathematical Sciences and the University Hospitals.

For more details visit: www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/groups/bioengineering/

 

The Scoliosis Association (UK) (SAUK) aims to provide advice, support and information to people affected by scoliosis and to raise awareness among health professionals and the general public.  SAUK is the only national support charity for people with scoliosis in the UK and offers a confidential Helpline and a membership service to further support patients.

For more details visit: www.sauk.org.uk

 

The British Scoliosis Research Foundation (BSRF) is the only charity that exists solely to promote research into the treatment of spinal deformities in the UK. Each year the BSRF funds a great deal of research into scoliosis and periodically holds an international symposium to spread the knowledge gained from research. 

For more details visit: www.bsrf.co.uk